What innovative strategies could fill the gaps?  

Two broad types of effort could improve the preventive care of patients with multiple chronic conditions: collaborative studies designed to answer outstanding questions (see list above) and technological interventions which aim to promote the more effective implementation of existing knowledge.

The questions that remain unanswered in relation to the prevention of multiple chronic diseases are so diverse and complex that answering them will require large, long-term research efforts that transcend traditional institutional, geographical, cultural, political and linguistic barriers.